Modi Mania

The inauguration of India’s 15th Prime Minister, Narendra Modi, since British independence, early this week was a momentous occasion.  Guests and high level dignitaries from across South East Asia attended the ceremony to show their respect for Modi as he took the oath of office, swearing to uphold the nation’s constitution with dedication and diligence. Security throughout the entire affair, which was held at the Colonial-era presidential mansion in New Delhi, was unprecedented.

Modi, enters office with a landslide victory and also high expectations from the Indian electorate. Indeed, Modi’s newly elected government will need to hit the ground running.

On social issues despite India’s rapid growth over the past two decades, that elusive trickledown effect has not yet materialized; India remains near the bottom of the nutrition and literacy league. Moreover, the lack of jobs for young people entering the work force is another pressing problem for the government to tackle.

On the economic front there are also a number of challenges that lie ahead. Inflation remains stubbornly high 8.59 per cent in April 2014 with food and beverage price accelerating to an annual 9.66 per cent in April. Monetary tightening by India’s Central Bank, in other words raising interest rates,  is likely to be a delicate balancing between dampen price rises, but simultaneously not choking off business investment, consumption and economic growth.  Getting it right can be tricky. Speaking to journalist in Deli, India’s new Finance Minister Arun Jaitley, a supreme court lawyer and strategist for the governing BJP party said, “The balancing act will have to be done,” said Jaitley  in response to a question about how he intends to tackle inflation. “I will wait a few days before announcing the government’s program.”    

  

Additionally, reenergizing capital investments into infrastructure projects will also be a critical issue for Modi’s government to resolve.  The chronic underfunding of large infrastructure projects due to a lack of capital investment, which accounts for 35 percent of economic activity in India barely grew since the previous fiscal year that ended in March. The issue of capital investments is likely to touch on the thorny issue of alleged irregularities (corruption) of the previous administration in awarding public infrastructure projects.

Bolstering capital inflow into India is most likely going to be also on Modi’s list of things to do. India’s sovereign debt rating has been downgraded to a "BBB-minus", by the credit rating agency Standard & Poor, which has a negative outlook on the nation’s sovereign debt. What this implies is that India currently has an adequate capacity to meet its financial commitments, however, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances could have an adverse impact leading to a weakened capacity on India to meets its financial obligations..   

So investors are eagerly waiting to see what Modi’s new government proposes to do in order to continuing meeting its financial commitments.  Reducing the budget deficit would be perceived as a step in the right direction, for investors.  Modi has a target of reducing the deficit below 4.8 percent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). India’s deficit was 5.3 percent of GDP in 2012-13 (estimated figure).  But reducing the deficit results in fiscal leakages from the economy and the outcome of this reduced public spending is lower employment and possibly a fall in GDP.  Pedaling austerity to voters who are eager to see job creation will not be an easy sell for Modi’s administration.  Young job seekers make up 49 percent of the unemployment statistics, according to a recent study.

With respect to India’s burgeoning energy needs, the country is tipped to overtake China in 2020s as the principle source of growth in global energy demand and by 2025 India will be the world’s largest coal exporter, according to the International Energy Agency's latest World Energy Outlook.  Modi’s goal is for every Indian citizen to have access to a house with water and electricity by 2025.  Thus, Modi’s energy policy or foreign policy is likely to be not to put his eggs in one basket, which means strengthening diplomatic relations with the main energy suppliers, China, Russia and the USA.

It maybe still too early days to gauge what impact Modi’s new government will have on the true economic direction of the country. On the upside it appears that Modi has been true to his electoral motto of, “minimum government and maximum governance,” Modi’s Cabinet of Ministers has been streamlined.  All the sound bites from the newly elected government seem impressive; make the government more efficiency, energize growth, creating millions of jobs and spreading prosperity. However, little is understood about what is their strategic plan is to achieve these objectives, so far on this point the Modi government has been mute.

Admittedly, if all the stars could align, If Modi could get inflation under control, increase capital investment and net inflow of foreign capital, tackle corruption, make the administration more functional and get the youth in work, and then the opportunities could be tremendous. Consequently it is no surprise that the markets have been euphoric about Modi’s election victory.

 

But perhaps the outcome is not entirely in Modi’s hands, it may not even be within India’s sovereign boarders. It maybe thousands of miles away, within the central banking system of the USA, the Federal Reserve. If the Fed withdraws from its bond buying stimulus policy (tapering) the India Rupee falls, which would have an adverse effect on Indian Inflation, investments etc. So Modi may have an uphill struggle on his hands with the Fed winding down its monetary stimulus program, of billions of USD bond buying.

Volatile time may be ahead for the India markets.  Both the rupee and the S&P BSE SENSEX (India’s stock exchange index are down on the week, with the latter down 1.31 percent as I write this piece.  

Darren Winters

Modi Wins - will India Prosper?

It’s no surprise that when the world’s largest democracy, India with a population of 1.2 billion people and economy valued at 4.962 trillion dollars, based on 2013 GDP figures, goes to the polls the world’s media sits up and pays close attention.   

Whilst the outcome of the recent national elections in Indian was fairly predictable, based on local polls, which pointed to a land slide victory for the former tea merchant, Narendra Modi's Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), nevertheless, the election would be a momentous occasion for the emerging economy, India. No other political party other than the Congress party had ruled the country for 18 of the 67 years, since its independence from Britain. The elections were a "genuinely revolutionary moment … a democratic asteroid," according to author and academic Sunil Khilnani, as reported in the Times of India.

Indeed, Modi's politically right leaning BJP party now controls around 340 of the 543 elected seats in parliament at the cost of the centre-left who had their representation squashed to just 40 seats, a historic low.  With voter turnout at around 66.38 percent, up 3 percent in the 1984-85 elections, according to Hindustan Times, it becomes apparent that Modi BJP leading party has conceded power with a healthy legitimacy of its people. Moreover, the Indians have given their thumbs up to a pro business party and they appear to have shunned the political left.

Meanwhile, the herd instinct of the financial market has driven the Indian stock market to record highs and the local currency, the rupee has rallied since Modi’s election win.

Therefore, with all this in mind, a politically friendly business climate and buoyant Indian financial markets, a question worth pondering over is whether all this might be a catalyst for greater capital inflows to India. 

Modi undoubtedly is keen on attracting inward investment to India, bearing in mind that capital investment accounts for nearly 35 percent to India's economy, which incidentally barely grew in the previous fiscal year that ended in March due to funding issues, thereby putting a spanner in the works of many infrastructure projects.

There are some pressing issues for Modi to deal with as soon as he puts his feet under the premier’s desk. For example, on the economic front India’s credit rating has been downgraded to a "BBB-minus", by the credit rating agency Standard & Poor, which has a negative outlook on its sovereign debt.  The market is now anxiously waiting to see if Modi can prevent a further downgrade by the credit rating agency to junk status. The pivotal point will be in July when the new government will need to convince investors that it is serious about getting its budget deficit under control

But getting the deficit down to its target of 4.6 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) is by no means an easy feat.  The previous administration, riddled with corruption scandals, has not left the state coffers in a healthy state. Moreover, the Indian economy is neither looking virile and relatively reliant on public funding. Public spending in the Indian economy accounts for 11 percent of GDP. So a cut in government spending could be a further dampener on the Indian economy as a sizable number of the electorates’ livelihoods are dependent, either directly or indirectly, on it.  Austerity is not going to be an easy sell for the Modi, despite the leader’s landslide victory.

Also improving the state’s coffers from increased tax revenues is unlikely to materialize in a relatively fragile economy.

Moreover, India’s Reserve Bank is keen on tackling the inflation rate, which currently stands at 8.6 percent. Their inflation target is 7 per cent by January 2016.  The implication here could be further interest rate hikes; already it has jacked up interest rates three times since last September.  But higher interest rates could be a double blow for India’s businesses by increasing the cost of financing and servicing existing debt, but also it would appreciate

 the rupee and make exports more expensive.

Then there are all these bad loans racked up, 100 billion USD to be precise, which are mainly associated with public infrastructure projects.  This currently represents 10 percent of all loans and it is estimated to reach 14 percent of loans by March 2015, according to Fitch Ratings.

The trade deficit is another issue the new government may need to get to grips with.  Indian has set a target of a 2 percent trade deficient of its GDP. Gold imports have contributed to a greater than desired trade deficit. The previous administration responded by slapping tariffs, duties onto gold, which then fuelled a black market in the precious metal.  Modi has promised to abolish these duties on gold. While this may be good news for gold buyers, this could also exert downward pressure on the value of the rupee, which would not be favorable to investors.  

Another potential black swan for investors could be the ongoing religious feud between the Hindu majority and the Muslim minority.  Modi, a Hindu, may not be perceived by the alienated and in some cases discriminated Muslim population, representing 14 percent to be sympathetic towards Muslim issues.  Many Indian Muslim distrust Modi, who has been allegedly linked with a police assassination squad, which targeted Muslims. If the Muslim minority population continues to feel alienated, they could be radicalized resulting in more attacks against western interests.

There are some clear distinctions between China and India’s economy. For one, China has a large trade surplus, whilst the later has a deficit. China’s GDP grow rate, albeit decelerating in growth, at 7.7 GDP in 2013. India’s GDP growth rate has been estimated at 4.7 percent. China’s population is ageing, India’s is relative young and maybe looking into the future confident and energized by their new leader, while China’s people continue to be repressed by the regime, cohurst into accepting inhumane working conditions. The protests continue in China-how long can the authorities repress a nation of 1.3 billion people. 

Darren Winters